Computational thermo-fluid methods emerged as a central research engine, with deterministic, time-reversible thermostats enabling correct equilibrium fluctuations and efficient constant-temperature sampling in simulations. The field also advanced turbulence and convection modeling, broadening understanding of heat transfer at arbitrary Prandtl numbers and across regimes. Concurrent thermophysical modeling linked experimental data to predictive equations of state and practical correlations, spanning boiling and saturated flow.